Modern Techniques in Neuroscience Research
Springer Lab Manuals Series: Modern techniques in neuroscience research
Sрringеr | 1999 | ISBN: 3540644601 9783540644606 | 1314 pages | PDF | 17 MB
This manual provides an overview of the techniques used in neuroscience research. The emphasis is on showing how different techniques can optimally be combined in the study of problems that arise at some levels of nervous system organization.
This is essentially a working tool for the scientist in the laboratory and clinic, providing detailed step-by-step protocols with tips and recommendations. Most chapters and protocols are organized such that they can be used independently, while cross-references between the chapters, a glossary, a list of suppliers and appendices provide further help.
It is a working tool for the scientist in the laboratory and clinic, providing detailed step-by-step protocols with tips and recommendations.
Most chapters or protocols are organized such that they can be used independently of one another.
Contents
Chapter 1 Cytological Staining Methods – Robert W. Banks
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: Fixation, Sectioning and Embedding
Subprotocol 2: Ultrastructure
Subprotocol 3: The Golgi Method
Subprotocol 4: Single-Cell Methods
References
Chapter 2 Application of Differential Display and Serial Analysis of Gene Expression in the Nervous System – Erno Vreugdenhil, Jeannette de Jong and Nicole Datson
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: Differential Display: Practical Approach
Subprotocol 2: Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE): Practical Approach
Subprotocol 3: Digestion of cDNA with Anchoring Enzyme
Subprotocol 4: Binding to Magnetic Beads
Subprotocol 5: Addition of Linkers
Subprotocol 6: Tag Release by Digestion with Tagging Enzyme
Subprotocol 7: Blunting Tags
Subprotocol 8: Ligation to Ditags
Subprotocol 9: PCR Amplification of Ditags
Subprotocol 10: Ditag Isolation
Subprotocol 11: Concatemerisation
Subprotocol 12: Cloning Concatemers
Subprotocol 13: Sequencing
References
Chapter 3 Methods Towards Detection of Protein Synthesis in Dendrites and Axons – Jan van Minnen and R.E. van Kesteren
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: In Situ Hybridization of Cultured Neurons
Subprotocol 2: In Situ Hybridization at the Electron Microscopic Level
Subprotocol 3: Single-Cell Differential mRNA Display
Subprotocol 4: Functional Implications of mRNAs in Dendrites and Axons:
Metabolic Labeling of Isolated Neurites
Subprotocol 5: Intracellular Injection of mRNA
References
Chapter 4 Optical Recording from Individual Neurons in Culture – Andrew Bullen and Peter Saggau
Introduction
Outline
Materials
Procedure
Results
Troubleshooting
Comments
References
Chapter 5 Electrical Activity of Individual Neurons In Situ: Extra- and Intracellular Recording – Peter M. Lalley, Adonis K. Moschovakis and Uwe Windhorst
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: General Arrangement and Preparation for
Electrophysiological Recording and Data Acquisition
Subprotocol 2: Extracellular Recording
Subprotocol 3: Intracellular Recording with Sharp Electrodes
Subprotocol 4: Intracellular Recording and Tracer Injection
Summary and Conclusions
Supplier List
References
Chapter 6 Electrical Activity of Individual Neurons: Patch-Clamp Techniques – Boris V. Safronov and Werner Vogel
Introduction
Materials
Procedure
Results
Comments
Applications
References
Chapter 7 Microiontophoresis and Pressure Ejection – Peter M. Lalley
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: Microiontophoresis
Subprotocol 2: Micropressure Ejection
Comments
Suppliers
References
Chapter 8 An Introduction to the Principles of Neuronal Modelling – Kenneth A. Lindsay, J.M. Odgen, David M. Halliday, Jay R. Rosenberg
Introduction
A Philosophy of Modelling
Formulation of Dendritic Model
The Discrete Tree Equations
Formal Solution of Matrix Equations
Solution of the Discretised Cable Equations
Generating Independent and Correlated Stochastic Spike Trains
Equivalent Cable Construction
Generalized Compartmental Methods
The Spectral Methodology
Spectral and Exact Solution of an Unbranched Tree
Spectral and Exact Solution of a Branched Tree
References
Notations and Definitions
Appendix
Chapter 9 In Vitro Preparations – Klaus Ballanyi
Introduction
In Vitro Models
En bloc Preparations
Brain Slices
Determinants of Ex Vivo Brain Function
Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Culturing CNS Neurons: A Practical Approach to Cultured Embryonic Chick Neurons – Åke Sellström and Stig Jacobsson
Introduction
Outline
Materials
Procedure
Results
Troubleshooting
Comments
Applications
Suppliers
References
Abbreviations
Chapter 11 Neural Stem Cell Isolation, Characterization and Transplantation – Jasodhara Ray and Fred H. Gage
Introduction
Outline
Materials
Procedure
Results
Troubleshooting
Comments
Applications
References
Suppliers
Abbreviations
Glossary
Chapter 12 In Vitro Reconstruction of Neuronal Circuits: A Simple Model System Approach – Naweed I. Syed, Hassan Zaidi and Peter Lovell
Introduction
Outline
Materials
Procedure
Results
References
Chapter 13 Grafting of Peripheral Nerves and Schwann Cells into the CNS to Support Axon Regeneration – Thomas J. Zwimpfer and James D. Guest
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: Harvest and Implantation of PN Grafts into the CNS
Subprotocol 2: Schwann Cell Guidance Channels
References
Chapter 14 Cell and Tissue Transplantation in the Rodent CNS – Klas Wictorin, Martin Olsson, Kenneth Campbell and Rosemary Fricker
Introduction
Outline
Subprotocol 1: Dissection of Embryonic/Fetal CNS Tissue
Subprotocol 2: Preparation of Tissue/Cells
Subprotocol 3: Transplantation into Adults
Subprotocol 4: Transplantation into Neonates
Subprotocol 5: Transplantation into Embryos
References
Chapter 15 Histological Staining Methods – Robert W. Banks
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: Architectonics
Subprotocol 2: Hodology
Subprotocol 3: Histochemical Methods: Neurochemistry and
Functional Neurohistology, Including the Molecular Biology of Neurons
Subprotocol 4: Silver-Impregnation Methods in the
Peripheral Nervous System
References
Chapter 16 Optical Recording from Populations of Neurons in Brain Slices – Saurabh R. Sinha and Peter Saggau
Introduction
Outline
Materials
Procedure
Results
Troubleshooting
Comments
References
Suppliers
Abbreviations
Chapter 17 Recording of Electrical Activity of Neuronal Populations – Hakan Johansson, Mikael Bergenheim, Jonas Pedersen and Mats Djupsjöbacka
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: Multi-Unit Recording
Subprotocol 2: Examples of Analysis and Results
References
Suppliers
Abbreviations
Chapter 18 Time and Frequency Domain Analysis of Spike Train and Time Series Data – David M. Halliday and Jay R. Rosenberg
Introduction
Part 1: Time Domain Analysis of Neuronal Spike Train Data
Part 2: Frequency Domain Analysis
Part 3: Correlation Between Signals
Part 4: Multivariate Analysis
Part 5: Extended Coherence Analysis – Pooled Spectra and Pooled Coherence
Part 6: A Maximum Likelihood Approach to Neuronal Interactions
Comments
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 19 Information-Theoretical Analysis of Sensory Information – Yoav Tock and Gideon F. Inbar
Introduction
Outline
The Neural Code
Basics of Information Theory
Random Continuous Time Signals
Information Transmission with Continuous Time Signals
Information Transmission – The Method
Summary – the Practical Procedure
Upper Bound to Information Rate and Coding Efficiency
The Muscle Spindle: Experimental and Simulation Results
Conclusions
References
Chapter 20 Information-Theoretical Analysis of Small Neuronal Networks – Satoshi Yamada
Introduction
Theory
Procedures and Results
Comments
References
Abbreviations
Chapter 21 Linear Systems Description – Amir Karniel and Gideon F. Inbar
Introduction
Part 1: Static Linear Systems
Part 2: Dynamic Linear Systems
Part 3: Physical Components of Linear Systems
Part 4: Laplace and Z Transform
Part 5: System Identification and Parameter Estimation
Part 6: Modeling The Nervous System Control
Part 7: Modeling Nonlinear Systems with Linear Systems Description Tools
Conclusions
References
Chapter 22 Nonlinear Analysis of Neuronal Systems – Andrew S. French and Vasilis Z. Marmarelis
Introduction
Outline
Procedure
Results
References
Chapter 23 Dynamical Stability Analyses of Coordination Patterns – David R. Collins and Michael T. Turvey
Introduction
Part 1: Stationary Methods
Part 2: Nonstationary Analyses
Part 3: Phase Space Reconstruction
Postscript
References
Abbreviations
Glossary
Chapter 24 Detection of Chaos and Fractals from Experimental Time Series – Yoshiharu Yamamoto
Introduction
Part 1: Theoretical Backgrounds
Part 2: Procedure and Results
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 25 Neural Networks and Modeling of Neuronal Networks – Bagrat Amirikian
Introduction
Network Architecture and Operation
Model Neurons, Connections and Network Dynamics
Learning and Generalization
References
Chapter 26 Acquisition, Processing and Analysis of the Surface Electromyogram – Björn Gerdle, Stefan Karlsson, Scott Day and Mats Djupsjöbacka
Introduction
Part 1: Muscle Anatomy and Physiology
Part 2: Signal Acquisition and Materials
Part 3: Registration Procedures
Part 4: Signal Processing
Part 5: Results
Part 6: Noise, Artifacts and Cross-talk
Part 7: Special Applications
Applications
References
Abbreviations
Appendix
Chapter 27 Decomposition and Analysis of Intramuscular Electromyographic Signals – Carlo J. De Luca and Alexander Adam
Introduction
Outline
Materials
Procedure
Results
Troubleshooting
Comments
References
Abbreviations
Chapter 28 Relating Muscle Activity to Movement in Animals – Gerald E. Loeb
Introduction
Outline
Materials
Procedure
Results
References
Suppliers
Chapter 29 Long-term Cuff Electrode Recordings from Peripheral Nerves in Animals and Humans – Thomas Sinkjær, Morten Haugland, Johannes Struijk and Ronald Riso
Introduction
Procedure
Results
References
Chapter 30 Microneurography in Humans – Mikael Bergenheim, Jean-Pierre Roll and Edith Ribot-Ciscar
Introduction
Materials
Procedure
Results
Comments
References
Supplier
Abbreviations
Chapter 31 Biomechanical Analysis of Human and Animal Movement – Walter Herzog
Introduction
Part 1: External Biomechanics
External Force Measurements Using Force Platforms
External Movement Measurements Using High-Speed Video
Surface Electromyography
Part 2: Internal Biomechanics
Muscle Force Measurements
Joint Contact Pressure Measurements
Movement Measurements
Theoretical Determination of Internal Forces
Future Considerations
References
Chapter 32 Detection and Classification of Synergies in Multijoint Movement with Applications to Gait Analysis – Christopher D. Mah
Introduction
Dimensionality and Data Reduction
Principal Component Analysis Made Simple
Application to Gait Analysis
Force Fields and the Problem of Degrees of Freedom
References
Chapter 33 Magnetic Stimulation of the Nervous System – Peter H. Ellaway, Nicholas J. Davey and Milos Ljubisavljevic
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: Apparatus and Mechanisms
Subprotocol 2: EMG Recording and Analysis Protocol
Applications
References
Chapter 34 In-vivo Optical Imaging of Cortical Architecture and Dynamics – Amiram Grinvald, D. Shoham, A. Shmuel, D. Glaser, I. Vanzetta, E. Shtoyerman, H. Slovin, C.Wijnbergen, R. Hildesheim and A. Arieli
General Introduction
Part 1: Optical Imaging Based on Intrinsic Signals
Introduction
Methods
Part 2: Voltage-sensitive Dye Imaging in the Neocortex
Introduction
Methods
Part 3: Combining Optical Imaging with Other Techniques
Targeted Injection of Tracers into Pre-Defined Functional Domains
Electrical Recordings from Pre-Defined Functional Domains
Combining Micro-Stimulation and Optical Imaging
Part 4: Comparison of Intrinsic and Voltage-sensitive Dyes
Optical Imaging
Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 35 Electroencephalography – Alexey M. Ivanitsky, Andrey R. Nikolaev and George A. Ivanitsky
Introduction
Subprotocol 1: EEG Recording
Subprotocol 2: EEG Signal Analysis
Subprotocol 3: Secondary EEG Analysis
Subprotocol 4: Presentation of Results
Advantages of the EEG in Comparison with High-Technology
Brain Imaging Methods
References
Chapter 36 Modern Techniques in ERP Research – Daniel H. Lange and Gideon F. Inbar
General Introduction
Part 1: Review of EP Processing Methods
Part 2: Extraction of Trial-Varying EPS
Processing methods
Layer 1 – Unsupervised Learning Structure
Layer 2: Decomposition of EP Waveform
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 37 Magnetoencephalography – Volker Diekmann, Sergio N. Erné and Wolfgang Becker
Introduction
Materials
Procedure
Results
Troubleshooting
Applications
References
Suppliers
Chapter 38 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Brain Function
Jens Frahm, Peter Fransson and Gunnar Krüger
Introduction
Technical Aspects of MRI Data Acquisition
Data Evaluation and Visualization
Physiologic Aspects of Brain Activation
Paradigm Design
References
Chapter 39 Positron Emission Tomography of the Human Brain – Fabrice Crivello and Bernard Mazoyer
Introduction
Outline
Materials
Procedure
Results
Troubleshooting
Applications
References
Suppliers
Chapter 40 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Human Brain – Stefan Blüml and Brian Ross
Introduction
Technical Requirements and Methods
Applied MRS – Single-Voxel 1H MRS
Results: Neurospectroscopy
Conclusions
References
Glossary
Chapter 41 Monitoring Chemistry of Brain Microenvironment: Biosensors, Microdialysis and Related Techniques – Jan Kehr
General Introduction
Part 1: General Methods
Stereotaxic Surgery on Small Rodents
Microdialysis Experiments on Awake Rats
Part 2: Implantable Sensors
Potentiometric Electrodes
Measuring Extracellular K+ Ions by ISM
Amperometric Electrodes
Measurement of Dopamine by Chronoamperometry
Biosensors
Biosensor for Glucose
Optical Sensors
Part 3: Continuous Sampling Devices
Cortical Cup Technique
Push-pull Cannula
Microdialysis
Determination of Dopamine Release by Microcolumn Liquid
Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection (LCEC)
Determination of Serotonin in Microdialysis Samples by LCEC
Determination of Aspartate and Glutamate in Microdialysis Samples
by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection
Determination of GABA in Microdialysis Samples by HPLC
with Fluorescence (FL) and Electrochemical (EC) Detection
Determination of Physiological Amino Acids in Microdialysis
Samples by Microcolumn HPLC with Gradient Elution and
Fluorescence (FL) Detection
Determination of Acetylcholine in Microdialysis Samples by
Microbore Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry on
Peroxidase Redox Polymer Coated Electrodes
Microdialysis in the Human Brain
References
Suppliers
Chapter 42 Invasive Techniques in Humans: Microelectrode Recordings and Microstimulation – Jonathan Dostrovsky
Introduction
Outline
Materials
Procedure
Results
Troubleshooting
References
Suppliers
Chapter 43 Psychophysical Methods – Walter H. Ehrenstein and Addie Ehrenstein
Introduction
Outline
Methods and Procedures
Experimental Examples
Concluding Remarks
References
Suppliers
Chapter 44 Analysis of Behavior in Laboratory Rodents – Ian Q. Whishaw, Forrest Haun and Bryan Kolb
Introduction
Methods
The Neurobehavioral Examination
Comments: Generalizing from Behavioral Analysis
References
Chapter 45 Data Acquisition, Processing and Storage
M. Ljubisavljevic and M.B. Popovic
Introduction
Outline
Part 1: Signal and Noise
What is a Signal?
Noise
Part 2: Signal Conditioning
Amplification and Amplifiers
Fundamentals of Filtering and Filters
Part 3: Analog-to-Digital Conversion (Digitization)
Digital or Analog Processing?
A/D Conversion
Implementations
Part 4: Data Processing and Display
Data Processing
Data Display
Part 5: Storage and Backup
Concluding Remarks
References
Glossary
Subject Index,
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